Trust vs. Will
Most people are under the impression that estate planning is simply writing out a Will and the necessary trusts, should they have assets to pass down. Others believe that estate planning is only for the exceedingly wealthy. However, there’s a lot more to estate planning than just making arrangements for your assets. It’s also not something that only wealthy people have the luxury of doing. Essentially, if you own a home or another property, run a business, hold shares in a company, have possessions from family heirlooms to vehicles, and have a family to answer for. Then, you have several reasons to plan your estate.
What is a Will?
A Will is a written document expressing a deceased person's wishes, from naming guardians of minor children to bequeathing objects and cash assets to friends, relatives, or charities. A Will becomes active only after one's death.
What is a Trust?
A trust becomes effective on the day it is created, and the Settlor (i.e. the asset contributor) specifies how his assets shall be distributed. In contrast to a Will, which is only effective following death, a Trust is effective prior to and following death. In the case of irrevocable trusts, which are often created for tax purposes and cannot be altered without the consent of all beneficiaries, and revocable trusts (sometimes we call living trusts), which can be changed anytime by the Settlor.
Trust and Will have the same essential function- passing your property to your heirs after death. Legally, they do the same things. Generally, people may think trust is only for wealthy people, but the benefits that Trust can offer are far more than we can expect.
What are the differences between a Trust and a Will?
- Probate Whether you have a Will or not, a probate is required from a court to administer the Deceased’s estate. In Hong Kong, the probate usually takes about 5 to 7 weeks on average. However, if the application is not simple and straightforward and/or the nature of the estate is complicated, the length of time required may be longer, especially if the person dies in some countries it is harder to obtain a death certificate. Besides, a Will may be challenged by the deceased’s family members or creditors (e.g. due to stress or mental incapacity, etc) on its validity.
- Privacy A Will passes through probate when the property involved is solely in the name of the deceased, to ensure that the dead person’s will is actually carried out. A Will will go public due to circumstances.
- Flexibility A Will is more like an at-one-go, where the executor distributes everything at once in accordance with the Will. One problem is that there is no rule or regulation to direct the executor, which leaves the beneficiaries with little protection if they follow the Will.
- Consolidation of assets
A Trust does not require the legal formalities of probate and there is less opportunity for its validity to be contested if the trust is legally set up within a certain period of time. Trust saves the hassle of a long process of probate and eliminates the potential legal and time costs.
A Trust is a private record that is very attractive for those looking for privacy. Meanwhile, a trust does not pass-through probate at any time. A court does not need to oversee the process because there is already a trustee appointed to do this. Trust can always remain private on the assets and identity of one who set it and the beneficiaries who benefit from the assets.
Trust can be set up in different structures depending on the location of assets and what clients wish to achieve. Clients can decide who can benefit (i.e. who are the beneficiaries), and when and how to distribute the assets to the beneficiaries through a document called a Letter of Wishes. Clients can change their wishes anytime. Trust can maintain in legacy.
The succession to "immovable property" (e.g. flat, building, land) is governed by the law of the place where the property is located. That means a Will shall prepare in the countries where you have immovable property. You cannot put all kinds of assets in one Will.
a Trust accepts any kind of assets into a trust, as long as the assets can be held by an offshore entity and the location of the assets allow the structure of holding. The client can consolidate all assets in one structure, easy to view and it’s secured to manage by a licenced trust company.
Trust and Will- which one is better?
Trust is recognized as the best tool for estate planning. However, whether you shall consider either setting up a Trust or Will depends on what you wish to achieve, your purpose, your domicile, the location of assets etc. For example, a trust would be a better choice if you are planning to pass assets down to a subsequent generation. Among the key benefits are privacy, asset protection, saving time and legal challenges, and asset consolidation.
No matter whether you choose a will or a trust, you should seek professional advisors' advice (tax, investment, and legal). Our team — UniTrust has extensive experience in dealing with trust issues and matters. If you need further advice on setting up a trust or on the above subjects, get in touch with us to know more.
信託 vs. 遺囑
在一般人的普遍認知中,資產的傳承規劃只限於遺囑和必要信託的書面撰寫。 另一部分人則認為,遺產規劃是富人的專利。 然而,遺產規劃不僅僅是為資產作出安排,更不僅是富人的專屬服務。 從本質上講,您只要是擁有銀行帳戶之餘,也有房產、經營企業、持有公司股份、擁有家傳財富、車輛等財產,且需要照顧家庭。 遺產規劃便再適合您不過了。
什麼是遺囑?
遺囑是表達往生者意願的書面文件,包括指定未成年子女的監護人、將物品和現金資產遺贈給朋友、親戚或慈善機構等。 遺囑只會在立遺囑人去世後才會生效。
什麼是信託?
信託自創建之日起生效,其中資產的分配方式由委託人(如資產出資人)指定安排。 而與僅在死後才生效的遺囑不同,信託在生前和死後均有效。 以不可撤銷信託為例,其通常是出於稅收目的而設立,未經所有受益人同意不得更改,而可撤銷信託(有時我們稱為生前信託)可以由委託人隨時更改。
信託和遺囑具有相同的基本功能——在您去世後將您的財產傳承給您的繼承人。 從法律上講,他們的功能是相同的。 通常,人們可能認為信託只是富人的專利。但其實,信託所能帶來的好處遠超我們的想像。
信託和遺囑有何區別?
- 遺囑認證 無論您是否有遺囑,都需要法院進行遺囑認證以管理往生者的遺產。 在香港,遺囑認證通常平均需時 5 至 7 週。但是,如果申請程序和/或遺產性質複雜, 或往生者死亡的國家較難獲取死亡證明,所需時間可能會更長。 此外,遺囑的有效性亦可能會受到往生者的家人或債權人的質疑(例如因壓力或精神上無行為能力等)。
信託無需經歷遺囑認證的法律手續,在一定時間內合法設立的信託,其有效性受到質疑的機會也較少。信託除去除遺囑認證的漫長麻煩過程,也節省了潛在的法律和時間成本。
- 私隱 當涉及的財產是往生者名下,遺囑便需進行遺囑認證,以確保其遺囑得到落實執行。在某些情況下,遺囑會被公諸於眾。
而信託是一種個人記錄及安排,可有效保障資產的私隱性。 同時,信託無需進行遺囑認證。 信託可以提供資產和信託設立人(即委託人)的身份保密,以及資產受益人高度的私密性。
3. 靈活性
遺囑的性質是一次性的,遺囑執行人根據遺囑一次性將所有財產分配。遺囑的問題是,在沒有規則或條例指引遺囑執行人的情況下,受益人無法得到保護。
信託可因應客戶的意願及資產類別及所在地而設立不同架構, 客戶可以透過意願書決定誰可以受益(即誰是受益人),什麼時候分配及資產分配方式。 客戶可以隨時改變意願。
4. 資產整合
「不動產」(例如公寓、建築物、土地) 的繼承權受資產所在地的法律管轄。 也就是說,遺囑需在不動產的所在地設立。 故此,您不能將所有類型的資產放在同一份遺囑中。 信託則可接受任何類型的資產,只要資產由離岸實體持有並且持有結構受資產所在地區允許。 客戶可以將所有資產整合至同一結構中,便能易於查看,並由持牌信託公司安全管理。
信託、遺囑——哪個更好?
信託被公認為遺產規劃的最佳工具。 但是,信託或遺囑的設立與否取決於您的期望、目標、居籍地、資產所在地等因素。例如,如果您打算將資產承傳至下一代,信託會是更好的選擇。優點主要包括高私隱性、資產保障、節省時間和法律出成本及易於資產整合。
無論您選擇遺囑還是信託,您都應該尋求專業顧問咨詢 (稅務、投資和法律)。我們的團隊 — UniTrust 在處理信託問題和事務方面擁有豐富的經驗。 您若需獲取更多設立信託或上述方面的建議,請聯繫我們了解更多信息。
See also
你是「緊張派」還是「逍遙派」?
人難免一死,咁你會唔會預先做好財產分配,不想家人憂心; 定係話之佢啦,都去天堂,財產怎樣就留給後人處理。
如果愛錫家人,有少少資產既最基本都要立份遺囑; 再多些少錢就梗係要成立個信託啦。等我同你講下個分別,你就知道遺囑可以好麻煩,而信託就方便又簡單。
當事人死了,係要經過法院審查認證,在批出指定人士處理後,才可以由他處理死者的財產。這個申請過程可以好麻煩同費時,要宣誓、又要證明文件、更要回答法院查詢。如果有其他財產在國內和海外,還要去當地的法院或政府部門,申請這些遺產的執行許可。如果當事人有物業在海外,那繼承不動產通常會由財產所在地的法例規管。舉例,如當事人為香港居民但在英國擁有一個單位,該物業通常會受英國的遺產繼承法所規管,而英國是設有遺產稅。曾經有律師分享過,客戶離世2年也未能處理到在海外的物業,因為遺產認證真的很複雜又費時。
大家可能都聽過信託可以解決到不少人的問題,包括遺囑解決不了的,信託都可以幫到手。信託是3方的關係,出錢出資產出來的您是委託人,最後領到資產的是您的家人,即是受益人,而管理著資產的是受託人,即是信託公司。
現在分享一下遺囑和信託的比較
有遺囑就萬無一失? | 信託什麼好? | |
覺得遺產分配不共就要打官司 | 資產會被凍結 | |
打官司,資產被公開 | 資產透明化,沒有私隱 | |
遺囑執行人何時分配沒得追 | 人為風險 | |
海外資產一張遺囑氹氹轉 | 費時間、精神、成本 | |
遺囑失效 | ||
- 遺囑有失效風險
許多時候遺囑已經失效,但訂立者本人或係遺囑持有者還以為仍然有效。 遺囑係一張具有法律效用的紙張,呢張紙張不可過膠,折疊,有任何損毀,甚至字體掉色都可以被認為失效文件。 曾經有個遺囑持有者把遺囑放,係窗邊,當颱風來臨,大風大雨將遺囑泡爛。 重新訂立又要花費金錢時間,相當麻煩。
或有時候遺囑訂立者在係訂立遺囑果陳未婚,一旦結婚,該遺囑便會生效。
2.公證過程要求繁複😰😰😰
公證處需要法定繼承人和遺產繼承人都必須要在場,如果其中一人不在場或不同同意繼承遺囑分配內容,那麽就無法辦理繼承權公證。
- 家庭財富沒有私隱及容易引起爭吵
繼承人一旦對遺囑內容有質疑或者存在不同意見時,首先會凍結所有資產,並需要打官司,以法律途徑去爭取個人權益,是無法保護遺囑人和繼承人的私隱,其內容的相關資產會公開 和透明化,過程以年計算,漫長的等待更容易產生糾紛。
加上,遺囑沒有登記制度。 訂立遺囑時,可能只有律師,見證人和本人知道遺囑的詳情,繼承者及其他親戚等都可能渾然不知,更有機會無人執行遺產分配。😫
而遺囑執行人 (可能係親戚)可以決定幾時執行遺囑,具有人為風險,其有權延後遺忘分配。
- 如果遺囑是海外資產,繼承將涉及不少手續同埋無法避免稅務問題
- 沒有理財功效
遺產不會隨時間升值,遺產繼承這張只會得到安慰中定下的財產,繼承人如果不善理財,就容易在短時間內閉為遺產,也影響到將來的生活。
- 無法預防詐騙人向遺產繼承者追討欠款
子女雖然冇法定嘅義務償還父輩債務,但子女需要係遺囑繼承範圍內先用來償還債務。
要點先可以真正守護到你生命的自愛?最近興起一個購買人壽保險嘅風潮,本身就具備私人權同指定傳承的特點,所以就可以避免法定繼承等等不確定性嘅因素。
Advantages
居籍
至於如何判斷死者的居籍,可參考《居籍條例》(香港法例第596章),該條例適用於斷定2009年3月1日之後任何時間的居籍。當中的一般規則列明,每個人不得在同一時間為同一目的而有多於一個居籍,而凡在香港任何法院席前就任何個人的居籍出現爭議(例如在香港的遺產承辦過程中就死者的居籍出現爭議),有關法院須按照香港法律裁斷該項爭議。
在斷定成年死者的居籍時,須檢視 (1)其身故前身處的國家或地區;及(2)死者是否意圖無限期以該國家或地區為家。
例如斷定死者是否以香港為居籍時須考慮的因素包括:死者是否合法地身處香港、死者生前身處香港的時間長短、死者在香港是否有固定居所及工作/業務、死者是否大部份資產位於香港、死者是否有其他親屬及/或朋友在香港等,以引證死者是否意圖無限期以香港為家。
遺囑可公開供人查閱,沒有私隱性。而遺產認證可以很複雜、過冗長,過程麻煩費時,如果需要經律師處理的話可以很昂貴。如果訂立遺囑處理過程失當,遺囑失效風險很大
類別 | 遺囑 | 信託 |
類型 | 自我安排 | 客戶與受託人之間的私人安排 |
見證人 | ✓ | ✓ |
資產 | 遺囑需要在資產分配的同一司法管轄區內進行 | 銀行帳戶等不同類型的有形資產,例如:房產都可放入信託 |
受益人安排 | 在遺囑中列出 | 在信託契約和意向書中列出,受益人名單可以隨時修改 |
資產分配安排 | 在客戶過世後,遺囑必須通過遺囑認證,才能分配財產 | 受託人可以將意願信書作為分配指引 |
此安排完成的時間 | 取決於律師的安排 | 四到六周 |
保密 | 一般 | 高度 |
Prepare a comparison chart (√ and x) – Personal, corporation and trust